Parliament of India: Structure, Powers, and Functions

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the country, serving as the cornerstone of Indian democracy. It consists of the President of India and two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). This blog delves into the structure, powers, and functioning of the Indian Parliament, highlighting its vital role in governance and democracy.

Structure of Parliament

1. The President:

   • The President is an integral part of the Parliament.
   • Plays a significant role in legislative procedures such as summoning and proroguing sessions, and giving assent to bills.

2. The Rajya Sabha (Upper House):

   • Comprises representatives of states and Union Territories.
   • Maximum strength: 250 members, with 12 nominated by the President for their expertise in arts, literature, science, and social services.

3. The Lok Sabha (Lower House):

   • Comprises directly elected representatives from constituencies across India.
   • Maximum strength: 552 members, including up to 20 members from Union Territories and two Anglo-Indian members nominated by the President (this provision has been abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment).

Powers and Functions of Parliament

1. Legislative Functions:

   • Enacts laws for the entire country on subjects in the Union List and Concurrent List.
   • Resolves conflicts over legislative matters in the Concurrent List.

2. Financial Powers:

   • Controls the nation's finances, including passing the budget and appropriation bills.
   • Lok Sabha holds greater power in financial matters; the Rajya Sabha can only suggest amendments.

3. Executive Oversight:

   • Holds the executive accountable through questions, debates, and motions like the no-confidence motion.
   • Ministers remain in office as long as they have the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

4. Constitutional Powers:

   • Can amend the Constitution under Article 368.
   • Involves both Houses of Parliament for approval of constitutional amendments.

5. Judicial Powers:

   • Can impeach the President, Vice-President, and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
   • Has the authority to punish for contempt of its privileges.

6. Electoral Powers:

   • Participates in the election of the President and Vice-President.

7. Miscellaneous Powers:

   • Can reorganize states, alter state boundaries, and change state names.
   • Approves the proclamation of emergency under Articles 352, 356, and 360.

Sessions of Parliament

1. Budget Session:

   • Held from February to May.
   • Focuses on the presentation and passing of the Union Budget.

2. Monsoon Session:

   • Held from July to September.
   • Focuses on general legislation and discussions.

3. Winter Session:

   • Held from November to December.
   • Deals with urgent legislative business and policy matters.

Importance of Parliament

1. Representative Democracy:

   • Ensures representation of diverse populations and regional interests.

2. Policy Formation:

   • Acts as a forum for debating and shaping public policies.

3. Accountability Mechanism:

   • Checks the powers of the executive, ensuring transparency and accountability.

Challenges Faced by Parliament

1. Disruptions:

   • Frequent disruptions during sessions hinder legislative productivity.

2. Declining Debates:

   • Reduced time spent on meaningful debates impacts decision-making.

3. Lack of Representation:

   • Under-representation of marginalized groups, including women.

4. Use of Ordinances:

   • Overuse of ordinances bypasses the legislative process.

Conclusion
The Parliament of India is a dynamic institution that upholds the values of democracy, justice, and equality. Despite challenges, it remains pivotal in shaping the country’s future through effective governance and legislative action.